Game Math

Damage & Critical Hits

Each hit starts from Attack Damage and then rolls Critical Chance. Crit Damage is a direct multiplier. Over many hits, the expected DPS can be estimated with:

DPS = AttackSpeed * AttackDamage * (1 + CritChance * (CritDamage - 1))

Final damage is also scaled by delivery type. Melee, Projectile, Area, and Summon each have their own Increase Damage stat. Crit Chance and Attack Speed do not have hard caps in the engine; cooldown reduction, resistances, dodge, and block are capped by their matching cap stats.

Taking Damage

Incoming damage passes through a fixed mitigation pipeline. The order matters because earlier stages can zero, halve, or scale the hit before later reductions run.

1. Dodge or Elemental Dodge can reduce the hit to 0.
2. Block or Elemental Block halves damage on success.
3. Elemental resistance reduces matching elemental damage; negative resistance increases it.
4. Armor mitigates physical damage with diminishing returns and stage-level scaling.
5. Damage Reduction multiplies the remaining hit.
6. Damage Absorption subtracts a flat amount.
7. Every hit floors at a minimum of 1 damage.

Armor

Armor only mitigates physical damage. Fire, Cold, Lightning, and Chaos ignore armor and use resistance instead. The simple mental model is:

reduction ~= Armor / (Armor + 14 * StageLevel + 12), capped at 75%

The more exact curve also lets large hits pierce part of armor by adding a slice of incoming damage to the threshold.

reduction = Armor^2 / (Armor^2 + (14 * StageLevel + 12) * (Armor + 0.4 * Damage))
damageTaken = Damage * (1 - reduction)

Elemental Resistance

Resistance is linear. For an element, the game adds that element resistance and All Elemental Resistance, then reduces the matching elemental hit.

effectiveResistance = ElementResistance + AllElementalResistance
damageTaken = Damage * (1 - effectiveResistance / 100)

One resistance point is one percent. Negative resistance increases elemental damage taken. Resistance is applied before generic Damage Reduction and flat Damage Absorption.

Progression & Idle Economy

• Offline rewards cap at 8 hours, or 28,800 seconds.
• A long absence around 30 days or more is treated as a clock-tamper guard and gives 0 offline rewards.
• Offline Reward Gold and Offline Reward EXP runes add +10% each and stack additively.
• Stage drop rates use a /1000 scale, so 160 means 16%.
• Drop Chance runes add a flat bonus, while Drop Chance Percent runes multiply it.
• Player level uses a fixed 1-100 XP table; level 100 requires 1,997,771,834 XP.

Skills & Cube Gates

• Aura skills activate immediately when equipped.
• Base-attack skills scale their firing pace with Attack Speed.
• Cooldown skills recharge faster with Cast Speed.
• Immortal synthesis unlocks at Cube Lv10.
• Celestial synthesis unlocks at Cube Lv50.
• The Cube operation families are Alchemy, Synthesis, Crafting, Decoration, Engraving, Inscription, Offering, and Extraction.

Stat Modifier Model

Damage Model

Status Effects

Crafting Systems

Gear Types

Rarity Ladder